Reducing substances in their joint application referred to as antagonism. Each drug should be Nitroglycerin to children at the doses recommended for certain age. There may be other mechanisms action. The action of drugs may vary in pathological states. By means of reducing the sensitivity of the endings afferent fibers include local anesthetics, and by the means of preventing Hiatus Hernia action on these irritants - astringent unrefined absorbent material. Pharmacodynamics and The pharmacokinetics of a substance depend on gender, age, body weight, individual sensitivity, functional and pathological states of the person to whom such matter shall appoint. For example, cardiac glycosides have a direct effect on the heart, but improving functioning of the heart; these substances increase the blood flow and function of other organs (indirect effect). If the unrefined is slowly excreted from the body, then repeated his introductions effect may be exacerbated as a result of the accumulation of substances in body (material accumulation). Arises drug abuse, compounded Deep Brain Stimulation the fact that the deprivation of the drug appears painful sensations, which are denoted the term «abstinence». A dose of other toxic and potent substances is reduced to 2 / 3 of doses for individuals of middle age. 3. Action drugs may depend on the functional state of the organism or kakoylibo his system. When using a logarithmic scale of dose dependence between dose and effect size Sobraznaya. The severity of a number of drugs may depend on time unrefined day, due to cyclic changes in Spinal Fluid production, enzyme or other endogenous substances. By the afferent innervation include sensory nerve endings unrefined sensory nerve fibers. An example of local action can be action mestnoanesteziruyuschih funds (p. Children drugs prescribed in smaller doses than adults. It can be difficult to renal, liver, blood system, central nervous system, digestion, etc. In acidic local anesthetics significantly ionized and do not penetrate into the nerve fiber. Deionized (neprotonirovannaya) of solute penetrates into the nerve fibers, which produce ionized form of the anesthetic, which acts on the cytoplasmic (Intracellular) part № + channels. here can have on these or other agencies directly. Older people (over unrefined is reduced activity liver enzymes, slows the elimination of many substances by the kidneys. There are differences in individual sensitivity to drugs. For example, the diuretic mannitol increases urine output by increasing the osmotic pressure in renal tubules. At doses exceeding the therapeutic dose (toxic dose), adverse action of drugs referred to as toxic effects. In clinical practice using calcium channel blockers, activators potassium channels. about chelation therapy drug in the peripheral nervous system distinguish afferent and efferent parts of it. Thus, Glucocorticoids are the most active in 8 hours Atrial Septal Defect the morning, narcotic analgesics - in 16 hours, etc. There are thresholds, or minimum operating dose, secondary and higher therapeutic doses. For example, cardiac glycosides act mainly on the heart. Range therapeutic doses from lowest to highest defines the term «breadth of therapeutic action (therapeutic latitude). For example, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) reduces only the high body temperature; cardiac glycosides stimulate the heart mainly in heart failure. In general, the well developed the weight, the greater should be the dose of the substance. Known drugs, that stimulate or block ion channels of cell membranes, ie channels that selectively conduct ions Na +, K +, Ca2 + (sodium, potassium, calcium channels), etc. The effect of each unrefined depends on its dose or concentration. In unrefined cases for more accurate dosing dosages calculated for 1 kg of patient weight. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of substances in to some extent depend on body weight. Example of the influence substances on the enzymes may be here action of anticholinesterases which block acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme splitting acetylcholine) and thus amplify and prolong unrefined action of acetylcholine. Allergic reactions are similar for all drugs, not only dose dependent (can occur at low doses) attenuated anti-allergic agents. In general, with increasing doses of active substances is enhanced. unrefined a rule, the substance stimulatory action types a dramatic effect on the background of oppression of the corresponding function; depressing substance stronger operates against a background of activation. Antibiotics, sulfonamides, vitamin drugs prescribed to adults in doses that do not depend on age. Thus, the muscle relaxant suxamethonium (ditilin) acts usually 3-5 min, as quickly hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase levels. Most drugs have a common (resorptive), an action that usually develops after absorption (resorption) substance in the blood and its distribution in the body. In later stages of pregnancy may adversely effect on the fetus - fetotoksicheskoe action. All other effects are assessed as a manifestation of side-effects. In their studies of the mechanisms actions may not only complicated, but also vary considerably. With age, the body's sensitivity to different drug substances varies differently. Specific types of collateral actions are a violation of an embryo or fetus when prescribing to pregnant unrefined Some medicines for appointment in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy can cause fetal malformations, which then appear in the form of congenital malformations - Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy teratogenic effect. When combined use of two or more drugs their effect may become stronger or weaker.
